2014高考语法讲解视频2014高考语法讲解：情态动词的可考用法（4）

【2014高考语法讲解视频】2014高考语法讲解：情态动词的可考用法（4）

      ⑦ dare
      1）情态动词：
      （一般用于疑问句、否定句或条件状语从句中。没有数的变化。 只有现在式dare和过去式dared，否定形式是：dare not，daren’t，dared not。）
      No one dared speak of it.
      And I daren′t ask you, because I thought I must be wrong.
      How dare you ask me such a question?
      Dare you ask him?
      Jump if you dare.
      2) 实义动词：
      （意为“敢于”（vt.）。 可以用于多种时态，有数的变化，后面的动词不定式须带to。）
      I did not dare to come.
      And nobody would dare to ask, even my father.
      He had never dared to ask her to go anywhere with him.
      He dares to behave like that in my house.
      ■除了在I dare say … 这种习惯用语中，dare在肯定结构中作情态动词的情形是很少的。作为实义动词用在否定结构中的时候，dare后面的to也可省略。也就是说，其后可以直接使用动词原形。
      They don′t dare show their faces.
      He does not dare (to) answer.
      I have never dared (to) disturb him.
      ⑧ had better
      had better意为“最好……”，其后常接原形动词，体现现在或将来情况，一般不说明过去，有时也使用had best来换用。这个词组并无比较意义，它多用来表示劝告，比should，ought to在语气上婉转一些。注意：只有had better这一形式，没有have better，has better之类的说法。在间接引语中，即使有时指的是过去时间，也没有词形变化。
      You had better get some sleep.
      We′d better be off now.
      有时后面的动词不定式使用进行式，表示立即做某事。
      Robert：I′d better be going, Bye.
      在非正文体中had可以省略。
      You better go now.
      Better try again later.
      有时为了强调，better可以置于had之前。
      --- I promise I′ll pay you back.
      --- You better had!
      在否定结构中，not置于better之后（一般不说：hadn′t better）
      We′d better not disturb him.
      You′d better not wake me up when you come in.
      疑问句中经常将had前置；否定疑问时，had应与not合写。
      What had we better do next?
      Hadn′t you better go with her, John?
      反意疑问句的简略问句中的助动词，应与had相一致。
      You had better speak English,hadn′t you?
      “had better＋have＋p.p.”表示“希望过去那样做了，而实际上并没做”，具有虚拟含义。否定形式表达“希望过去不曾……，而实际上那样做了”。
      You had better have gone already.                   真希望（最好）你过去已经走了。
      We had better not have met with them yesterday.     我们最好昨天不曾遇到过他们。
      ⑨ would rather
      （口语中常说成 ’d  rather ）意为“宁可，宁愿”。侧重表示主观愿望或选择。其后接原形动词。would rather 也没有其它词形变化。
      I’d rather not tell you.
      Which would you rather have, tea or coffee?
      I’d very much rather not leave you here.
      有时不定式省略，只保留not一词。例如：
      “Have a drink ?” “No,thanks.I would rather not.”
      would rather 的否定形式是“would rather not + 原形动词”。疑问形式是将would 提到主语之前：
      I’d rather not read modern poetry.
      He said he would rather not do it right now.
      Would you rather rent the house than buy it?
      ■“would rather + have +过去分词” 形式，表示“宁愿已经 …… ”（而实事上并没有做）。
      I’d rather go to the theatre tonight.            今天晚上我宁愿去看戏。
      I’d rather have gone to the theatre last night.  昨晚我宁可去看戏（而事实上并没有去）。
      如果表示“宁愿 …… 而不愿 ……”就得用“would rather  … than …”这一形式。在“would rather …than …”这一结构中，than后面通常省略与前面相同的动词，而仅保留其余与前面相对应比较的部分。这一结构也常使用“would … rather than …”这一替代形式。例如：
      I’d rather have the red one(than the green one).
      He would rather listen to others than talk himself.
      I’d rather be alive than dead.  
      They’d rather play outdoors than indoors.
      He would rather live in the country than in the city.
      从以上例句中可以看出，than后被保留的部分可以是一个名词，动词，形容词，副词，或介词短语。若是介词短语时，即使介词与前面使用的介词相同，也不宜省略，以免使句子发生歧义。
      Rather than get money in such a dishonest way,he would beg in the streets.   （强调说法）
      He would beg in the streets rather than get money in such a dishonest way.
      如果would rather 后接that从句时，从句中的谓语部分要使用虚拟语气。
      I had /would rather you did it.              I’d rather(that)we stopped now.
      Don’t let him come now. I would rather he came tomorrow.
      He would rather I had passed the exam.        I’d rather you hadn’t done that.
      注意：I would rather 在英国用得比较普通，但也可以用had rather，尤其在美国更显普通。’d  rather 是would或had的缩略式。
      附：表示“责备”和“抱怨”的“情态动词＋完成不定式”
      基本用法比较表

      You should have handed in your composition yesterday.
      You should not have been so careless.
      You ought to have given him more help.
      Tom oughtn′t to have left so soon.
      You had better have gone already.
      You might have finished the work earlier.
      You needn′t have called me on the phone last night.
      I would rather have gone to the theatre last night.
      I′d rather not have stayed at home last night.

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